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The story so far
Original release for information
I have lived in a little village called Heybridge Basin, near Maldon (Maeldune),
Essex for the Last 20 years, Maldon itself is steeped in history, but we have a so called ‘Roman burial mound’
at the end of my road. I would like to know if there is a way of finding more detail. With the 991AD Battle of Maldon (http://www.airflow.net/maldon/links.htm) being somewhere in the area, presumed on Northey Island Causeway, half a mile away
(deduced from the interpretations of the ‘battle poem’), could this not be a Saxon or Viking burial plot? I cannot
find many official documents regarding this Tumulus except for it being marked on an 1881 map (www.old-maps.co.uk and type in Maldon) along with two other mounds in a of a quarter mile proximity at
the opposite end of Northey Island to the suggested battle site.
While researching I have been told it was a Roman salt burner (no red soil visible),
a Victorian Ordnance gun mount (no explanation for the other 2 mounds or Mound research in the 1700’s) or a burial mound
of unknown origin (that’s what I would like to resolve) or finally an Anderson shelter which we know is still perched
in the top.
I have studied through information from Mr E Fitch (1894), Dr ED Laborde (1925) and
Mr Morant (1768) who actually documented opening one of the other mounds in the early 1770’s with no ‘antiques’
found ( Nice summary found on : http://www.maldonsx.freeserve.co.uk/Maeldune/bookch5.htm).
Strangely enough the mound he opened was at a location known as ‘Barrow hills’.
Behind Barrow hills away from the Sea front is acknowledged to have been a Saxon
smelting area, which I would have thought may be of interest to any Viking attackers.
Maldon archaeological Group has researched the whole area and gives some very useful
information about the Maldon area for the last few thousand years. But obviously they have the same problem that no-one has
any physical evidence regarding the Battle of Maldon location other than the unfinished Poem (along with a brief mention
in the Anglo Saxon Chronicle) which is a little bit open to interpretation and may have been written to compliment the Maldon
Tapestry.
Can anybody suggest where else to look? A few pointers on what the Saxon & Vikings
did with their dead after a battle would also be useful. American researches have had a look for proof of the battle field
over the last couple of Decades along with the on running work of the local archaeological group, but can anyone suggest a
way of confirming what the mound could be and how to find a lost battlefield?
The Tumulus update August 2002
After publicising for information regarding the Basin Mound in the Sailing
club field, a variety of suggestions have been forwarded to me including a visit or two by people in the Maldon area. Unfortunately
no one has any solid evidence so far as to the origin or possible usage over the years other than having an Anderson shelter
built into it during the Second World War.
To understand the problems of finding a solution to a localised anomaly
in an area so rich in history, please have a look at; http://www.maldonsx.freeserve.co.uk/Maeldune/bookch1.htm
This site gives a very good history of the Maldon area going back to its original
colonisation.
Back to the Basin Mound, the main genuine suggestions have been;
600BC onward, Bronze, Iron Age or Roman Salt ‘Redhills’? The area has been well known for salt extraction for many generations and Goldhanger mounds
are registered as authentic. Problem with this is no obvious signs of Red soil which is a tell tale sign of the Salt burning
off process.
50AD Roman Burial Mound? Still no
positive proof of Roman activity in the immediate are around the mound, It is acknowledged that the Romans did use Osea Island
and Heybridge, but no proof of Basin activity. Interestingly though, the Salcotte Mill area is defined as Barrow hill and
Marsh, the term ‘Barrow’ meaning burial.
1000AD Saxon or Viking Burial mound?
Possible considering the Battle of Maldon, this also puts strength to the argument that the Battle could have taken place
over the original Heybridge Basin between the Blackwater Sailing Club and Barrow Hill (Salcotte) instead of Northey Causeway.
The infamous rhyme about the battle of Maldon seems to be confirmed as certainly having a little ‘poetic licence’
to it. Have a look at
http://www.airflow.net/maldon/links.htm for more detail regarding the Battle.
1870AD Ordinance Breech loading Gun mount
for Victorian Defence Volunteers firing practice rounds down the river, good possibility as Osea has always had strong military
connections as well.
1940s Anderson Shelter we know did
happen on top of mound, remains still show today.
Other considerations must be made for the further two mounds, one at Barrow Marsh
(which was opened with apparently no findings) and the Northey Island Mound. If it was originally a gun emplacement, the range
on the Victorian Guns concerned was up to 25,000 yards and all three positions have a good view down the river. But why have
3 Guns with such range within half a mile of each other and no other obvious locations along the Blackwater?
The 3 mounds all show on an 1881 map (linked through this site under ‘Old map’)
and are marked as Tumulus, with no other similar icons in the area.
The Basin Mound may well have started life as a Roman burial mound, then been used
as a Victorian gun mount (for the 25 tonne Canon!) and finally an air raid shelter which would explain why their are so many
interpretations of its use.
One link that hasn’t been mentioned again since I first started asking questions
is to why the woman of the Basin used to plant flower bulbs in the field around the mound? This could be presumed more Pagan
and either gives the 1000AD burial ground more credibility or it’s ‘one of those basin stories’.
Which leads me on to the slightly less credible suggestions including that the missing
missionaries who helped to give the village the name of ‘Cannibal Island’ are buried in it, its Elvis’s
holiday tomb and finally it has the remains of a UFO crash in 1947…. I think someone has got us mixed up with Roswell,
New Mexico!
I eagerly await more input!
The Tumulus update October 2002 - Update 2
So far the speculation has all been based around the possible
solutions already listed on this page, no new or earth shattering answers as to when or what the Basin Mound was. I had an
interesting email from a Viking descendant pointing me towards his web site, the reason it is interesting is that the Battle
of Maldon is looked at from the Vikings point of view and suggests the battle was in fact an ambush by the British on the
Vikings who were coming to collect their ransom. "The 'Danes' (a generic expression about all Scandinavians at that time)
were supposedly so injured that they barely could man their ships, but the exaggeration in this stands towards another version
of the Chronicle for that year, which merely states that the Danes afterwards collected their ransom. Undoubtedly this was
also why they came, so this statement stands in great contrast to what must have happened. Nonetheless, even the Vikings must
have had great losses and injured and, in fact, the Norse sagas also speaks about a injury which almost killed Olaf. That
story is however not speaking of a certain battle, but rather of an ambush which may turn out to have been this battle near
Maldon. Olaf had to be carried away on his shield afterwards and almost died according to the sagas."
The site is worth a visit to get the full sequence of events
and you can then understand their comment of: "At the risk of gaining the Brit's anger, we believe the story of English bravery
is exaggerated beyond the recognizable"
The contact concerned also stated that only senior Vikings from
a battle would be cremated, then placed in a mound near the battlesite, this would mean it is unlikely 3 burial mounds would
be made from the Viking point of view.
Information Request - Update 3
I have recently found information regarding a revival of pagenism during the 900's AD, although not many Viking burial
mounds for this period have been discovered in the UK, Norse areas such as the Isle of Man, Cumbria and the Northern Islands
of Scotland have genuine examples.
Prominent mounds overlooking the sea are a common feature which could be a clue as all three of our local mounds
are near sea shore.
Whether the Battle of Maldon is as per the Poem or as per the Viking Sagas, where are the graves of the dead????
From the Saxon chronicles AD993:
In this year came Olave with ninety-three ships to Staines, and ravaged there about, and then went hence to sandwich,
and so thence to Ipswich, and that all overran; and so to Maldon. Ans there Britnoth the Ealdorman came against them with
his forces, and fought against them: and they there slew the Ealdorman, and had possession of the place of carnage.
93 ships equals 3,000 rufty tufty Vikings!?! One would assume there were a lot of battle dead from such a huge fight,
if the Saxons were buried in the Christian faith there must be a large graveyard somewhere? Barrow Marsh between Heybridge
Basin and Millbeach might be an obvious thought....death marsh which had loads of small mounds on it???
From Tom Bjornstads research: "Swein Forkbeard no doubt had 94 ships for raiding new pastures, but it is more likely
a lesser fleet splintered off under Olaf Tryggvasson's command to collect the Maldon ransom, the Norse sagas speaks about
an injury which almost killed Olaf. That story is however not speaking of a certain battle, but rather of an ambush
which may turn out to have been this battle near Maldon. Olaf had to be carried away on his shield afterwards and almost died
according to the Sagas, even the Vikings had great losses and injured".
Again, where are the dead??
If pagenism had made a revival, or even considering the logistics of what to do with a large amount of battle dead, does
a burial mound or three not become a viable solution?
If anybody has any positive research regarding the battle dead or the pagan revival during the 900s, I would be pleased
to hear from you.
The Tumulus update December 2002 - Udate 4
I have had some useful information through recently and I must say a big thank you to Sally Gale at County Hall
for her assistance and Gill Mariner at the Maldon and Burnham Standard for doing a couple of features on us.
We now have the claim to fame of Neolithic (4000BC) pottery found in the village, but something to add to the Basin history
is a confirmed Bronze age (1200 to 1700BC) activity with finds including pottery, bone, wood (fence posts) and even a small
cremation plot. This now means that people definitely lived in the village over 3000 years ago!
Keep your eyes open when walking around the sailing club, sea wall or St Georges field, maybe even your own back garden
for bits of pottery or odd shaped stones (rabbits often 'kick up' some wonderful finds while digging their burrows), you may
find you have part of a bronze age house or pot!
Although I havn't got any further proof as to what the Tumuls origin, it does have a name:
SAM112
This stands for Scheduled Ancient Monument number 112.
Now armed with a name lets see if we can get solid proof on it, the battle or where the missing missionaries ended up
Tumulus update September 07
which state: "Several small hills are said to be Danish barrows, as tiles, human bones and other artifacts have been
found in some of them".
How come Danish remains have been found in Goldhanger which is opposite Osea Island, but not any where near Northey Island
half a mile up the Blackwater?
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The following was an actual question in an Australian Quiz about the Battle
of Maldon with the original answers, nice to see so many knew about it:
Q1 - At the Battle of Maldon (991 AD) the invading Vikings
landed on a small island separated from the shore by a narrow channel of water. The resident Anglo-Saxon army drew up on the
beach. What happened next?
- The Vikings asked if they could come onto the dry shore and form up properly,
and the Anglo-Saxon leader, being a proper gentleman, let them. It must have looked good on his tombstone.
- The tide went out. Then Byrhtnoth died of sportsmanship. Maybe that's why
his name has kind of gone out of fashion.
- Oh dear. If ever there was a supreme example of British "fair play"; and
their tendency to snatch defeat from the jaws of victory, this is it. Basically, once the Brits had got their formidable Viking
foe in a genuinely losing position on what could only be described as a VERY sticky wicket, they then allowed their very determined
opposition to change the rules of the game against the Britons and in the Vikings’ favour. Full-time score: Vikings
1, Britain 0. Perhaps this is where the English cricket team first originated...
- They had a deep and meaningful discussion on the relative merits of Volvos
and Vauxhalls. Volvos won. Quite right too.
- A police car drove up and they were all arrested.
- It happened that Englishmen invented the cavalry (and discovered that it
does not pay). "Poor Vikings!" said a couple of british heros "if they have to walk against us in that little tongue of land,
when the tide goes down, they'll arrive here wet and columned, [what kind of columny is this?] and we can kill them
too easily.... Let them arrive dry and strong, let them draw up against us, and then we can fight an honest battle". So they
honestly did. So the Vikings honestly slaughtered them.
- All the misinformed souls who thought Vikings had horns on their helmets
were in for a bit of a surprise. Apparently they convinced the government to raise a very high tax - to buy off the invaders.
- A "stare-down" ensued until both sides became tired and went home.
- Determining that neither group had a claim to the island, they agreed
to sit down and share a cup of ale. [How civilised. Landlord - a flagon of your best beer please! And 278 straws.]
- Everything else happened next ... up to and including right now!
- Facing each other across a muddy riverbed, the Vikings asked to be let up
on dry land so they could have a fair fight. The English leader, Byrhtnoth, felt very confident and agreed. Battle on dry
land ensued and Byrhtnoth was killed. Someone made a poem about it, reminding us to answer "No!" when someone wants to kill
us and asks for a fair fight!
- Gen. Brightnot, a typical army man fresh from the playing fields of Eton,
yelled out "Red Rover, Red Rover, send all of your homicidal maniacs rightover". When the H.M.s arrived, the farmers held
their own until someone stole a horse, and some of the farmers said, "The hell with it, my cows need milking" and left. The
others didn't last long. Brightnot's last words were, "Well played, boys!"
- In essence, the resident Anglo-Saxon army was defeated by their leader, Byrhtnoth.
Early on, it became apparent that even at low tide, the causeway the Vikings had to cross was so narrow they could be held
back by a mere three capable defenders. The Vikings asked that they be allowed to cross unmolested, so they could fight properly,
on equal terms. Amazingly, Byrhtnoth agreed to this. He was killed in the ensuing battle. The Vikings won this fight, and
continued their tour of England.
- Karl of Snoz engaged the Vikings in witty banter until the tide came in and
drowned the invading horde.
- Not much battle could be had on the causeway, so the Vikings asked if they
could fight like men on the mainland. The Anglo-Saxon chief said "Sure". Bad move.
- Raping and Pillaging? [No need to ask]
- Shot in the dark: They waded into the water and shot each other with
arrows. The corpses piled up and formed a bridge across the water. Then the fight continued as a melee. I have a grisly mind.
[At least this last statement is true]
- The brave but stupid Byrhtnoth and his thegns fought like mad, Byrhtnoth
was slain, his men battled on until Colin Powell and the US Special Forces landed, took control of the sector, and routed
the overly testosteroned Vikings. Powell set up a council of warlords and divided Northey Island into three parts: Big Northey,
Little Northey and Medium Northey. Today it's a vacation mecca for large bearded men.
- The leader of the Saxon forces gave a speech about how they were going to
fight to the last man, and damned if they didn't.
- The narrow channel of water disappeared, becoming a swampy causeway, as the
tide went out. After a lot of shouting across the remaining mud and bog, the two sides joined in battle. The handful of Anglo
Saxons had a strong advantage on their dry ground, compared to the Viking hordes who were bogged down in the black marshes.
The Vikings asked for a fair fight on solid ground (what's fair about 3,000 or so Vikings vs a couple of hundred Anglo Saxons?)
and the leader of the Anglo Saxons, Byrhtnoth, Earl of Essex, somewhat unwisely agreed..... a decision which ultimately cost
him and his pals their lives, after a brave fight. The Vikings were then free to introduce words like "smorgasbord" into the
English vocabulary.
- The Norsemen complained about the condition of the pitch ("too narrow"),
so the fair-minded Anglos invited the Vikes to c'mon over and have a game of footy on a real pitch, but since the Vikes had
a Swedish coach and the Anglos didn't, the Anglos were routed.
- The tide came in, the tide went out, the Vikings gathered round and they
all began to shout: "Hey, Hey, Uncle Dud, It's great to beat your feet in the Maldonsippi mud."
- The tide went out, exposed causeway, vikings ran across to attack, were met
by three anglo-saxon men, conned king of anglo-saxons to let on to dry land to fight, death of king, terrible poem of heroics
written.
- The tide went out. Or maybe it came in. But the Vikings asked permission
to cross to the mainland and before they could start to cross, they were eaten by a huge shark. Later this event was made
into a film called "Jaws."
- The Viking's asked permission to cross to the mainland. The Saxon commander,
wanting a clear divinely ordained victory, gave them permission. The Saxons were promptly slaughtered.
- The Vikings catapulted towels across the channel, thereby booking all
the best spots on the beach. [Beach? I swam at Maldon in my childhood. At low tide there are 2 miles of mud flats]
- The vikings decided it wasn't sporting to fight your way across a narrow
causeway surrounded by mud. They would've have been at a distinct disadvantage. They asked for, and received, permission to
cross and start the battle from a more advantageous position. The stupid (and I use the term advisedly) Anglos didn't want
to look wimpy. Of course the Anglos were slaughtered.
- The Vikings got stalled a bit because the tide was rising. Then Brithnoth
(the Anglo Saxon leader) was dumb enough to allow the big scary brutes onto land when the tide ebbed. The Brits lost, a poem
was written and 1000 years later the place become National Trust and a bird sanctuary.
- The Vikings opened up a can of Whoop-ass and belted the Anglo-saxons. Byrhtnoth,
Earl of Essex, was killed and the rest of the Anglo-Saxons did a runner.
- The vikings, unable to fight their way across the causeway linking the island
to the beach (held by only three men, a la Horatius), asked that Brythnoth, Earl of Essex, the English commander, permit them
to cross and then fight them on the landward side. Brythnoth, being as intelligent as the average English aristocrat, allowed
this. He was killed and his men slaughtered. Typical titled sheep-wit.
- They all died a slow horrible painful untimely due but not necessarily
fateful death. [Is there a kind of death that is not fateful?]
- They had to run away from the smell. Oh, DREW up, right. The Anglo-Saxons
fought fair and lost.
- They negotiated a collective, opening a 'for profit' saltworks and spa. (This
answer is for Victorians only, I fear).
- They set up a game of beach cricket. The village opened the batting and suffered
a terrible batting collapse and were routed. Once the captain was out for a duck the rest followed quickly. All out before
tea. Then the fielding was a shambles and the bowling, all over the shop. The visitors scored freely. It was a walk over (the
water). Very embarrassment as the Vikings are not known as a cricketing nation.
- They transported their boats across the island and went out the other
side. I saw the re-enactment on the TV show 'Secrets of the Ancients". [Nearly right]
You just told us the answer in the question. The Battle of Maldon.
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